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\pard\plain \sb0\sa0\fs2\par\sect\sectd \sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn2390\margrsxn1372\margtsxn1253\margbsxn360\cols1\colsx60 \pard \plain \cbpat8\qr\li0\fi0\ri2866\sb475\sa0\tx3866 \f2\fs20{\b0\i0\cf1\charscalex100\expndtw6\f2\cchs0\lang1033\fs20 LITERATURE : EDUCATION{\charscalex100\expndtw0\tab }\sub\expndtw-17 273}\par \pard \plain \cbpat8\qj\li76\fi0\ri2873\sb223\sa0\sl-238\slmult0 \f2\fs20{\b0\i0\cf1\charscalex100\expndtw-1\f2\cchs0\lang1033\fs25 refer to the Gupta dynasty last of all, were recast into \expndtw-4 their present form; so also Vas the \i Manusmriti. \i0 Other \i\expndtw-8 Smritis, \i0 like the \i Yajnavalkya-smriti, \i0 and the \i Ehdsyas \i0\expndtw13 or commentaries on the \i Sutras \i0 were written' to \expndtw12 give canonical sanction to the new changes that \expndtw16 had taken place. Astronomy and Mathematics \expndtw9 were assiduously cultivated; and Aryabhata (born \expndtw3 in 476 A.D.), Varahamihira (505-87 A.D.), and \expndtw-5 Brahmagupta (born in 598 A.D.) made remarkable \expndtw-4 contributions to the development of these branches of \expndtw-3 scientific literature. They appear to have been acquaint\-\expndtw6 ed with Greek astronomy, for their works contain \expndtw-2 many Greek technical names.}\par \pard \plain \cbpat8\ql\li61\fi0\ri0\sb133\sa0 \f2\fs20{\b0\i\cf1\charscalex83\expndtw0\f2\cchs0\lang1033\fs25 Education}\par \pard \plain \cbpat8\qj\li11\fi479\ri2927\sb140\sa0\sl-241\slmult0 \f2\fs20{\b0\i0\cf1\charscalex100\expndtw-1\f2\cchs0\lang1033\fs25 The intellectual output of the age shows that the \expndtw0 system of education, then in vogue, must have been \expndtw-2 sound. _ Unhappily, however, our information on this \expndtw7 topic is disappointingly meagre. According to \expndtw-3 inscriptions, the, teachers were then known as Acaryas \expndtw-4 and Upadhyayas, but sometimes the title of Bhatta was also applied to the learned Brahmans. They were sup\-ported by the grant of villages and the charities of the \expndtw-1 generous public. The religious disciples, called Sisyas \expndtw3 or Brahmacarins, were grouped round Sakhas and \expndtw-5 Caranas, i.e., Vedic schools following a particular recen\-\expndtw-4 sion of any one of the Vedas.\super 1\nosupersub Among these recensions \expndtw1 the inscriptions mention Maitrayaniya, Taittiiiya, \expndtw-4 Vajasneya, and several others. Regarding the subjects of study, we learn of the fourteen sections of science \i\expndtw-11 (caturdaSavidya), \i0 comprising the four Vedas, six Vedangas, \expndtw-6 the \i Puranas, \i0 the Mimansa, Nyaya, and Dharma or Law. \expndtw-4 There are also references to the Vyakarana \i (Astddhjayi) \i0\expndtw-3 of Salaturiya (Panini) and the \i SatasdMri-samhltd \i0 or the}\par \sect\sectd \sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn2750\margrsxn4346\margtsxn1253\margbsxn360\cols1\colsx60 \pard \plain \cbpat8\ql\li281\fi-281\ri0\sb0\sa0\sl-259\slmult0 \f2\fs20\pvpara\phcol\posnegx-360\posnegy281\absw626\absh-468\dfrmtxtx40\dfrmtxty58 {\b0\i0\cf1\charscalex100\expndtw-4\f2\cchs0\lang1033\fs20 defunct. \expndtw-28 18}\par \pard \plain \cbpat8\ql\li0\fi0\ri0\sb140\sa0 \f2\fs20{\b0\i0\super\cf1\charscalex100\expndtw1\f2\cchs0\lang1033\fs20 1\nosupersub It is, however, contended that \i Sakhas \i0 and \i Caranas \i0 were now}\par \pard \plain \cbpat8\ql\li90\fi0\ri0\sb0\sa796\tx4014 \f2\fs20{\b\i0\cf1\charscalex100\expndtw-2\f3\cchs0\lang1033\fs8 yt4-{\charscalex100\expndtw0\tab }\expndtw0\loch\af1\hich\af1\dbch\f3\cchs0 \'95}\par \sect\sectd \sbknone\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840\marglsxn2390\margrsxn1372\margtsxn1253\margbsxn360 \pard \plain \li0\ri0\sb0\sa0\pvpara\phmrg\posnegx7290\posnegy58\absw0\absh1131\nowrap\dfrmtxtx10080\dfrmtxty58 {\pict\wmetafile8\picw2095\pich1993\picwgoal1188\pichgoal1130
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